发布时间： 2003-11-25 作者：孙毅
论文提要
祁克果思想的主导背景是要在启蒙以来的人文思想氛围中重新思索基督教对于人的意义。这种宗教思想背景为他的思想提供了一种个人生存的进路。从这种角度， 他对当时思辩哲学批评的核心可以概括为：思辩哲学的反思方法使个人的生存中断， 人成为“旁观者”，或消失于在他看来具有虚幻性的“众人”之中。 他给自己规定的终生目标就是要打破这种“众人”幻像，使个人成为单个的人。 单个的人是祁克果基督教生存论的核心范畴和主导线索， 它大致包括两个层面的含义。首先，祁克果从内向性的角度规定单个的人。 单个的人在生存论层面上的实在性体现在：个人开始有一种对自己的关切。 这种与自己的关系（“关系的关系”）构成了单个的人的实在性；其次，这种关切关系的特点首要地是一种激情， 而并非首要地是理智。这种激情随着强度的增加，依次表现为志趣、意愿、决断、直到信仰的层面， 这些构成了单个的人主体性的层面。这里祁克果思想的特点是，这种激情性的关切关系是非现成性的，乃要在一种“个体性”的过程中展现或实现出来。 这种“个体化”的过程可以有两条不同的途径：伦理－宗教Ａ的途径，以及宗教Ｂ的信仰途径。
个人成为单个的人，在祁克果看来，更主要地与宗教Ｂ的途径或阶段相关， 即与基督教信仰相关。祁克果从生存论角度， 并没有首要地把信仰看作一套信仰或学说体系（what），而是将其首要地看作是一种生存现象、状态或过程（how），因此可以把这个信的过程看作是个人成为单个的人的“个体化”过程。具体地说， 祁克果在宗教Ｂ中强调的核心思想在于：单个的人所具有实在性的自我关联，和一个更高的实在相关， 即和单个的人与“神-人”（悖谬）形成的位格性关系相关。这种关系是生存性的， 它是动态和无止境的，因此单个的人总是处在生成之中。
本文力求从西方哲学思想中“个体问题”的线索出发， 在生存（存在）论的层面上去把握祁克果单个的人的思想。 在与日常政治或社会伦理的个人含义相区别的前提下，去把握单个的人这个范畴的生存论内涵，并且探讨了个人成为单个的人的两条“个体化”的途径。
关键词
单个的人，生存，悖谬，罪，信仰，冒犯，宗教Ａ，宗教Ｂ
Abstract
The dominating intention of Kierkegaard’s thought is to reconsider the meaning of Christianity to human beings against the humanistic background of the Enlightenment. His Christian background provides an individual and existential approach to the subject. From the existential perspective, he seriously criticized the speculative philosophy in his age. The main point of his criticism is that its reflective nature of speculative method suspends the existence of the individual thinker, turning him into a spectator. In Kierkegaard’s words the individual thinker disappears in “the crowd”, which&nb sp;he regards as an illusion. As a religious thinker, Kierkegaard takes it as a lifetime task to destroy this illusion and transform the individual into the single individual.
The single individual is the dominating category and main clue of Kierkegaard’s Christian existentialism. It may be described in two aspects. First, Kierkegaard defined the single individual as inwardness, which means the existential reality of the single individual is manifested in his concern for himself, and constituted by his relation with himself. Second, the main element of concern for or relation with oneself is one’s passion, rather than reason. As the intensity of the passion increases, it appears respectively as interest, willing, decision, and till faith, which consti tute the different levels of the individual’s subjectivity. Here, the point of Kierkegaard’s thought is, this passionate concern is not present-at-hand for one, but manifested or actualized in a process of individuation. There are two ways for this individuation: the way of Ethical-Religion A, and the way of Religion B.
According to Kierkegaard, becoming the single individual is primarily related to the way or stage of Religion B, namely, Christianity. From existential perspective, Kierkegaard does not regard Christian faith as a set of beliefs or doctrines(what), but primarily as a kind of existential state or process(how), therefore it could be further regarded as a individuation-process, by which a individual becomes the single individual. In Religion B, the point that Kierkegaard want to stressed is, the establishment of one’s correct relationship with himself depends on his personal relationship with the Paradox(or God-Man).Because this relationship is existential, dynamic and never-finished, the single individual is always on the way of becoming.
Following the clue of “ the problem of individuality” in the history of western philosophy, this paper attempts approach Kierkegaard’s thought of the single individual from the existential perspective, distinguishing it from its ordinary use, and examining the two ways of individuation by which a individual becoming the single individual.
Key wards: the single individual, existence, faith, sin, Paradox,
目 录
_导言 “个体问题” 1
_ 第一节 祁克果思想的时代背景及主导问题 1
_ 第二节 西方哲学史中的“个体问题” 5
_ 第三节 对“个体问题”的生存论阐释 13
_第一章 祁克果托名作品的意义 19
_ 第一节 祁克果作品的分类 19
_ 第二节 祁克果托名作品的意义 23
_ 第三节 两个主要托名作者的思想特点 26
_第二章 祁克果对黑格尔哲学方法的批评 33
__ 第一节 祁克果与黑格尔在思想上的关联 33
_ 第二节 祁克果对思辩“体系”的批评 38
_ 第三节 祁克果对客观反思方法的批评 43
_第三章 单个的人的概念 48
_ 第一节 “单个的人”的含义分析 48
_ 第二节 单个的人在生存论上的意义 52
_ 第三节 单个的人与生存过程 60
_第四章 伦理与宗教Ａ的途径 65
_ 第一节 伦理阶段的特点 65
_ 第二节 宗教Ａ的实现途径&n
